Terminology in Thermodynamics

Calculate the change in internal energy, $∆\mathrm{U}$ and enthalphy, $∆\mathrm{H}$ when $2$ moles of ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ is heated from $300\mathrm{K} \mathrm{to} 400\mathrm{K}$. The specific heats of ${\mathrm{CO}}_2$ at constant pressure and constant volume are $0.846$ and $0.657 {\mathrm{Jg}}^{-1}$ respectively.

The enthalpy changes at $298 \mathrm{K}$ in successive breaking of $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bonds of water are-
${\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O} \to \mathrm{H}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+\mathrm{OH}\left(\mathrm{g}\right); ∆\mathrm{H}= 498 \mathrm{kJ} {\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}$
$\mathrm{OH} \to \mathrm{H}\left(\mathrm{g}\right)+\mathrm{O}\left(\mathrm{g}\right); ∆ \mathrm{H}= 428 \mathrm{kJ} {\mathrm{mol}}^{-1}$
The bond enthalpy of $\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{H}$ bond is
 

Out of three quantities in thermodynamics first law namely $\mathrm{Q}, \mathrm{dU}$ and $\mathrm{W}$, which one depends on path and which one does not?

Define boundary in thermodynamics.

What is energy transformation? How does the chemical energy transformation take place?

In thermodynamics, a process is called reversible when.

A reversible process is the one carried out in infinitesimal steps while, an irreversible process is carried out in a finite number of steps.

Differentiate between the reversible and irreversible process on the basis of entropy change.

The chemical energy is used to do _____ work when a fuel burns in an engine.

Write some energy transformations of chemical energy stored in different substance, molecules, atoms, etc. 

In a hydrogen fuel-cell chemical energy is converted to

The thermodynamic terms surroundings, system and universe can be related as: The universe $=$The system $+$The surroundings.

Establish a relationship between the surroundings, system and universe.

Define the thermodynamic term surroundings.

Chemical energy cannot be directly used to draw water from a well.

Write an example for the conversion of chemical energy into kinetic energy.

How is potential energy of water is converted into electrical energy?

When a book is dropped, its _____ energy is transformed into kinetic energy.

Write an example for the conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy.

If the work is done by the system,${\mathrm{w}}_{\mathrm{ad}}$ will be negative because _____ .